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Ayurvedic Ingredients & Their Uses
Ayurveda utilizes a vast pharmacopoeia of herbs, minerals, and other natural substances. Below is a list of ingredients and their common uses. (Note: This list is for informational purposes and is not exhaustive. The uses mentioned are traditional; always consult a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner for medical advice and before using any Ayurvedic product, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications.)
| Ingredient (Sanskrit/English Name) | Common Uses & Benefits |
|---|---|
| Acorus calamus (Vacha) | Improves memory, speech, and intellect; carminative; used for epilepsy, cognitive disorders, and digestive issues. (Certain varieties may have restrictions). |
| Adhatoda vasica (Vasa) | Expectorant, bronchodilator, mucolytic; used for cough, asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments. |
| Aegle marmelos (Bilva) / Bael | Anti-diarrheal, digestive; fruit pulp used for chronic diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS. Leaves used for diabetes. |
| Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic; used in Vata disorders, fever, neuralgia, and as part of Dashamula. |
| Ajamoda (Apium graveolens) / Celery Seed | Digestive, carminative, anti-spasmodic; used for indigestion, bloating, flatulence, joint pain, and Vata disorders. |
| Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum) | Aphrodisiac, nervine stimulant, sialagogue (promotes salivation); used in dental problems, common cold, paralysis, and to improve libido. |
| Aloe barbadensis/vera (Kumari) | Cooling, wound healing, laxative, emmenagogue; used for skin conditions (burns, rashes), constipation, and menstrual disorders. |
| Alpinia galanga (Kulanjana/Greater Galangal) | Digestive, carminative, anti-inflammatory, expectorant; used for indigestion, cough, sore throat, and respiratory issues. |
| Alstonia scholaris (Saptaparna) | Bitter tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic; used for fever (especially malaria), skin diseases, and intestinal worms. |
| Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) / Amla / Indian Gooseberry | Richest natural source of Vitamin C, potent antioxidant, rejuvenator (Rasayana), immunomodulator; good for digestion, hair, skin, eyes, and diabetes. One of three fruits in Triphala. |
| Ananas comosus (Ananasa) / Pineapple | Digestive (due to bromelain), anti-inflammatory, diuretic; fruit and juice used. |
| Andrographis paniculata (Kalamegha/Bhunimba) | Extremely bitter tonic, potent febrifuge, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator; used for fever, liver disorders, common cold, flu, and infections. |
| Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera) | Diuretic, laxative, expectorant; used for cough, piles, skin diseases, and as a cleansing agent. |
| Aragvadha (Cassia fistula) | Mild purgative, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory; used for constipation, skin diseases, fever, and gout. |
| Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) | Cardioprotective, cardiotonic; strengthens heart muscles, helps manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and angina. |
| Arka (Calotropis gigantea/procera) | Used with caution due to toxicity; latex and leaves used externally for skin diseases, swelling, joint pain. (Internal use only after purification). |
| Ashoka (Saraca asoca) | Uterine tonic, astringent; primarily used for female reproductive health, menstrual disorders (menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea), and leucorrhea. |
| Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) | Adaptogen (helps body cope with stress), nervine tonic, anti-inflammatory, rejuvenative, aphrodisiac; reduces stress and anxiety, improves energy, stamina, memory, sleep, and supports immune system. Calms Vata. |
| Atibala (Abutilon indicum) | Strengthening, aphrodisiac, nervine tonic, demulcent; used in debility, nervous disorders, and Vata conditions. |
| Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum) | Anti-pyretic, anti-diarrheal, anti-tussive; used for fever, cough, diarrhea, and vomiting, especially in children. (Non-toxic Aconite species). |
| Babbula (Acacia nilotica) / Indian Gum Arabic Tree | Astringent, demulcent, hemostatic; used for oral hygiene (gum problems, mouth ulcers), diarrhea, dysentery, and wound healing. |
| Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia) | Used primarily for skin diseases like leucoderma (vitiligo), psoriasis, and leprosy; also has anthelmintic properties. |
| Bala (Sida cordifolia) | Strengthening (Bala means “strength”), nervine tonic, rejuvenative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic; used for Vata disorders, arthritis, debility, and paralysis. |
| Bhallataka (Semecarpus anacardium) / Marking Nut | Potent, used with extreme caution and purification; for specific skin diseases (leucoderma), piles, worms, and certain types of tumors. |
| Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba/prostrata) | “King of Hair,” promotes hair growth, prevents hair fall and premature graying; also a liver tonic, good for skin, and rejuvenative. |
| Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellirica) | Astringent, laxative, expectorant, anthelmintic; good for eyes and hair. One of three fruits in Triphala. Used for cough, sore throat, hoarseness, digestive issues, and worms. |
| Bilva (Aegle marmelos) / Bael Fruit | Digestive, carminative, astringent; unripe or semi-ripe fruit used for diarrhea, dysentery, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Ripe fruit is a mild laxative. Leaves used for diabetes. Good for Kapha and Vata. |
| Bola (Commiphora myrrha) / Myrrh | Antiseptic, astringent, anti-inflammatory; used for gum diseases, sore throat, wounds, and menstrual irregularities. |
| Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) | Potent nervine tonic, memory enhancer (Medhya Rasayana); improves memory, intelligence, concentration, and learning ability. Reduces stress, anxiety, and calms the mind. Good for Pitta. |
| Brihati (Solanum indicum) | Expectorant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic; used in respiratory conditions like cough, asthma, bronchitis, and sore throat. Part of Dashamula. |
| Chandana (Santalum album) / Sandalwood | Cooling, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, calming; used for skin disorders (acne, rashes), burning sensation, urinary tract infections, and for mental peace. |
| Chavya (Piper chaba/retrofractum) | Digestive stimulant, carminative, appetizer; used in indigestion, anorexia, abdominal pain, and respiratory conditions. |
| Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica) | Potent digestive stimulant (Deepana, Pachana), increases Agni; used for indigestion, anorexia, malabsorption, piles, and some skin diseases. (Used with caution due to its heating nature). |
| Chirabilva (Holoptelea integrifolia) / Indian Elm | Anti-inflammatory, astringent; used for skin diseases, piles, and edema. |
| Chirayata (Swertia chirata) / Kiratatikta | Extremely bitter tonic, potent febrifuge, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic; used for fever (especially malaria), liver disorders, skin diseases, intestinal worms, and diabetes. |
| Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) / Cinnamon | Digestive stimulant, carminative, expectorant, improves circulation, helps manage blood sugar levels, antioxidant. |
| Danti (Baliospermum montanum) | Strong purgative; used in severe constipation, abdominal disorders (ascites, worms), and certain skin diseases. (Used with caution and purification). |
| Daruharidra (Berberis aristata) / Indian Barberry | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, febrifuge; used for eye disorders, skin diseases, liver problems, jaundice, fever, and diabetes. Contains berberine. |
| Devadaru (Cedrus deodara) / Himalayan Cedar | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseptic; used in arthritis, neurological disorders, skin diseases, and respiratory conditions. |
| Dhanvayasa (Fagonia cretica/arabica) | Bitter tonic, febrifuge, astringent, blood purifier; used in fever, liver disorders, skin diseases, and to quench thirst. |
| Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum) / Coriander | Digestive, carminative, cooling, diuretic, febrifuge; used for indigestion, bloating, gas, fever, burning sensation, and urinary tract infections. |
| Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) | Astringent, stimulant for fermentation; primarily used as a fermenting agent in the preparation of Asavas and Arishtas (Ayurvedic wines). Also used for diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding disorders. |
| Draksha (Vitis vinifera) / Grapes | Nutritive, laxative, demulcent, cooling, expectorant; good for general debility, cough, thirst, respiratory problems, and constipation. |
| Dronapushpi (Leucas cephalotes) | Febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, expectorant; used for fever, common cold, cough, sinusitis, and skin diseases. |
| Durva (Cynodon dactylon) / Bermuda Grass | Cooling, styptic (stops bleeding), demulcent, diuretic; used for skin diseases, bleeding disorders (e.g., nosebleeds), urinary problems, and to purify blood. |
| Ela (Elettaria cardamomum) / Cardamom (Green) | Digestive, carminative, expectorant, aromatic, diuretic; used for indigestion, bloating, bad breath, nausea, cough, and asthma. |
| Eranda (Ricinus communis) / Castor | Potent purgative (oil), analgesic, anti-inflammatory (leaves, root); oil used for constipation. Root and leaves used for joint pain, Vata disorders. |
| Gambhari (Gmelina arborea) | Bitter tonic, rejuvenative, anti-inflammatory, galactagogue; used in Vata disorders, fever, general weakness, and to improve lactation. Part of Dashamula. |
| Ghee (Ghrita) / Clarified Butter | Highly nourishing, improves digestion and absorption, enhances memory and intellect, pacifies Vata and Pitta, acts as a carrier (Anupana) for herbs, good for skin and eyes. |
| Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris) | Diuretic, aphrodisiac, lithotriptic (helps break kidney stones), nervine tonic, anti-inflammatory; used for urinary tract disorders, kidney stones, edema, sexual debility, and prostate problems. |
| Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) / Giloy | Potent immunomodulator, adaptogen, anti-pyretic (febrifuge), anti-inflammatory, rejuvenative, bitter tonic; used for all types of fevers, infections, gout, arthritis, diabetes, liver disorders, and to boost immunity. |
| Guggulu (Commiphora wightii/mukul) | Anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic (lowers cholesterol and triglycerides), analgesic, rejuvenative, detoxifier; widely used for arthritis, joint pain, obesity, high cholesterol, and skin diseases. |
| Gunja (Abrus precatorius) / Rosary Pea | Used with extreme caution and only after extensive purification due to high toxicity of seeds; traditionally used in minute doses for certain skin diseases, nervous disorders, and as an abortifacient. |
| Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre) / Meshashringi | “Sugar destroyer,” helps manage blood sugar levels by reducing sugar absorption and enhancing insulin secretion, reduces sugar cravings; primarily used for diabetes. |
| Haridra (Curcuma longa) / Turmeric | Potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, blood purifier, hepatoprotective; used for skin diseases, allergies, arthritis, liver disorders, wound healing, colds, and coughs. |
| Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) | “King of Medicines,” laxative (mild to strong depending on form), rejuvenative (Rasayana), astringent, carminative, nervine tonic; improves digestion, good for eyes, and overall health. One of three fruits in Triphala. |
| Hingu (Ferula foetida/assafoetida) / Asafoetida | Strong carminative, anti-spasmodic, digestive stimulant, expectorant; used for bloating, gas, indigestion, abdominal pain, colic, and respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis. |
| Himsra (Capparis sepiaria) | Hepatoprotective; often found in liver support formulations. |
| Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis) / Bitter Apple | Potent hydragogue cathartic (strong purgative causing watery stools); used for severe constipation, ascites, jaundice, and worms. (Used with extreme caution due to toxicity). |
| Indrayava (Holarrhena antidysenterica) / Kutaja Seeds | Potent anti-dysenteric, astringent, anthelmintic; specifically used for diarrhea, amoebic and bacillary dysentery, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and intestinal worms. |
| Isabgol (Plantago ovata) / Psyllium Husk | Bulk-forming laxative, demulcent; husk used for constipation, diarrhea (absorbs excess water), and IBS. Helps regulate bowel movements. |
| Jaggery (Guda) / Unrefined Cane Sugar | Source of iron and minerals, energy booster, aids digestion (in small amounts), considered healthier than refined sugar. |
| Jambira (Citrus limon) / Lemon | Appetizer, digestive, carminative, rich in Vitamin C; used for indigestion, loss of appetite, scurvy, and as a flavoring agent. |
| Jambu (Syzygium cumini) / Java Plum / Black Plum | Astringent, carminative, hypoglycemic; fruit, seeds, and bark used for diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, and sore throat. |
| Jatiphala (Myristica fragrans) / Nutmeg | Carminative, sedative, mild analgesic, aphrodisiac; used in small doses for indigestion, diarrhea, insomnia, and pain. (Excess can be toxic). |
| Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) | Nervine tonic, sedative, tranquilizer, anti-spasmodic, memory enhancer; used for stress, anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, hysteria, and to promote hair growth. |
| Jeeraka (Cuminum cyminum) / Cumin | Potent digestive, carminative, antioxidant, galactagogue; used for indigestion, bloating, gas, colic, and to improve lactation. |
| Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) / Intellect Tree | Nervine stimulant, memory enhancer (Medhya Rasayana), anti-inflammatory; oil from seeds used to improve memory, intellect, concentration, and for joint pain. |
| Kadali (Musa paradisiaca) / Banana (Plantain) | Fruit is nutritive, demulcent, and mild laxative. Stem juice is diuretic and used for kidney stones. Flower is used for diabetes and menstrual disorders. |
| Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum) / Black Nightshade | Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic; used for skin diseases, edema, liver disorders, and fever. (Berries can be toxic if unripe). |
| Kampillaka (Mallotus philippensis) | Anthelmintic (expels worms), purgative, anti-inflammatory; used for skin diseases (externally), intestinal worms, and constipation. |
| Kankola (Piper cubeba) / Cubeb Pepper | Urinary antiseptic, diuretic, expectorant; used for urinary tract infections, respiratory conditions, and as a mouth freshener. |
| Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum/surattense) | Potent expectorant, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory; used for cough, asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, and fever. Part of Dashamula. |
| Kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens) / Velvet Bean | Aphrodisiac, nervine tonic, contains natural L-DOPA; used for Parkinson’s disease, male infertility, increasing libido, and nervous system disorders. |
| Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) | Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic; oil and paste used for skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), wound healing, piles, and as an insect repellent. |
| Karavellaka (Momordica charantia) / Bitter Gourd | Potent hypoglycemic (lowers blood sugar), bitter tonic, blood purifier, anthelmintic; used for diabetes, skin diseases, intestinal worms, and liver disorders. |
| Karira (Capparis decidua) | Appetizer, digestive, anti-inflammatory; fruit and young shoots used in pickles and vegetables, traditionally for joint pain and digestive issues. |
| Karpasa (Gossypium herbaceum) / Cotton Plant | Seeds are galactagogue and aphrodisiac. Root bark used as an emmenagogue and for issues related to childbirth. |
| Karpura (Cinnamomum camphora) / Camphor | Stimulant, antiseptic, analgesic (external use), rubefacient, mild expectorant; used externally for colds, pain, inflammation. Internally in minute doses for certain conditions. |
| Kasamarda (Cassia occidentalis) | Laxative, expectorant, febrifuge, detoxifier; used for constipation, cough, skin diseases, and liver disorders. |
| Kasisa (Ferrous sulfate) | Hematinic (increases hemoglobin); used in iron-deficiency anemia. (An inorganic preparation). |
| Katphala (Myrica esculenta) | Astringent, carminative, expectorant; used for cough, fever, diarrhea, and throat infections. |
| Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa) | Potent hepatoprotective, bitter tonic, anti-inflammatory, cholagogue, laxative; used for liver disorders (jaundice, hepatitis), asthma, fever, and skin diseases. |
| Kembuka (Costus speciosus) | Expectorant, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic; used for cough, asthma, skin diseases, and worms. |
| Ketaki (Pandanus odoratissimus) / Kewra | Aromatic, stimulant; flower extract used for flavoring and perfumery, traditionally for headaches and earaches. |
| Khadira (Acacia catechu) | Potent astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, blood purifier; used for skin diseases, oral hygiene (gum problems), diarrhea, and sore throat. |
| Kinkirata (Xanthium strumarium) | Diaphoretic, sedative, used for skin diseases, fever. (Used with caution). |
| Koshataki (Luffa acutangula/aegyptiaca) / Ridge Gourd/Sponge Gourd | Fruit is cooling, diuretic, laxative. Used in fevers and liver conditions. |
| Krishna Jeeraka (Nigella sativa) / Black Cumin/Kalonji | Immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, carminative, galactagogue; used for respiratory conditions, digestive issues, skin health, and boosting immunity. |
| Kshara (Alkali preparations) | Various plant ashes are processed to make alkaline substances used for digestive issues, urinary stones, and as adjuvants. |
| Kulanjana (Alpinia galanga) – Same as Greater Galangal | Digestive, carminative, anti-inflammatory, expectorant; used for indigestion, cough, sore throat, and respiratory issues. |
| Kulattha (Macrotyloma uniflorum) / Horse Gram | Diuretic, lithotriptic, astringent, thermogenic; used for kidney stones, urinary disorders, obesity, cough, and piles. |
| Kumari (Aloe barbadensis/vera) – Same as Aloe | Cooling, wound healing, laxative, emmenagogue; used for skin conditions, burns, constipation, menstrual disorders. |
| Kumkuma (Crocus sativus) / Saffron | Nervine tonic, aphrodisiac, improves complexion, mood elevator, antioxidant; used for depression, skin health, menstrual pain, and as a spice. (Expensive). |
| Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida) / Ash Gourd / Winter Melon | Cooling, diuretic, nervine tonic, nutritive, aphrodisiac; fruit used for mental disorders, urinary problems, general debility, and as a vegetable. |
| Kushta (Saussurea lappa) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, carminative, skin rejuvenator; used for skin diseases (leprosy, psoriasis), gout, respiratory conditions, and Vata disorders. |
| Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) – Bark of Indrayava plant | Potent anti-dysenteric, astringent; bark is primarily used for diarrhea, amoebic and bacillary dysentery, and IBS. |
| Laksha (Laccifer lacca) / Lac | Used for bone healing (fractures), wound healing, and in certain bleeding disorders. A resinous secretion of an insect. |
| Langali (Gloriosa superba) / Glory Lily | Used with extreme caution and only after extensive purification due to high toxicity; traditionally used in minute doses for arthritis, skin diseases, inducing labor, and as an abortifacient. |
| Lashuna (Allium sativum) / Garlic | Potent cardiovascular tonic, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulator, digestive, carminative; used for heart conditions, infections, digestive issues, and respiratory ailments. |
| Lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum) / Clove | Potent analgesic (especially for toothache), carminative, antiseptic, expectorant, aphrodisiac; oil and buds used for dental pain, indigestion, cough, nausea, and as a spice. |
| Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa) | Astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory; primarily used for gynecological disorders (leucorrhea, menorrhagia), eye problems, and skin diseases. |
| Loha Bhasma (Iron Ash) | Hematinic; specially processed iron used for anemia, general debility, liver and spleen disorders. (Used under expert guidance). |
| Madanaphala (Randia dumetorum/Catunaregam spinosa) | Potent emetic (induces vomiting); primarily used in Panchakarma (Vamana therapy) for therapeutic cleansing. (Used with extreme caution and under supervision). |
| Madhu (Honey) | Sweetener, demulcent, wound healing, expectorant, acts as a carrier (Yogavahi) for herbs. Properties vary by type and age. (Not to be heated). |
| Madhuka (Glycyrrhiza glabra) / Licorice/Mulethi/Yashtimadhu | Demulcent, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, rejuvenative, mild laxative, improves voice; used for cough, sore throat, ulcers, hyperacidity, general debility, and skin complexion. |
| Madhukarkati (Citrus maxima) / Pomelo | Appetizer, digestive, cooling; fruit used for taste and digestion. |
| Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) | Potent blood purifier, anti-inflammatory, improves complexion, detoxifier; used for skin diseases (acne, eczema, psoriasis), gout, arthritis, menstrual disorders, and liver/spleen issues. |
| Maricha (Piper nigrum) / Black Pepper | Potent digestive stimulant (Deepana), carminative, bioavailability enhancer (Yogavahi), expectorant; used for indigestion, anorexia, cough, colds, and to enhance the effect of other herbs. |
| Markandika (Cassia angustifolia) / Senna Leaves | Strong laxative, purgative; leaves and pods used for constipation. (Should be used for short periods). |
| Masura (Lens culinaris) / Lentil | Nutritious, easily digestible, good source of protein and fiber. |
| Matsyakshi (Alternanthera sessilis) | Traditionally used in eye diseases, skin problems, and as a cooling agent. |
| Mayurashikha (Actiniopteris radiata) | Used for urinary disorders, fever. |
| Munditika (Sphaeranthus indicus) / Mundi | Nervine tonic, alterative, deobstruent; used for skin diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, and glandular swellings. |
| Murva (Marsdenia tenacissima) | Bitter tonic, anthelmintic; used for fever, skin diseases, and worms. |
| Musta (Cyperus rotundus) / Nut Grass | Digestive, carminative, febrifuge, diuretic, galactagogue, emmenagogue; used for indigestion, fever, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, and to improve lactation. |
| Nagabala (Grewia hirsuta or Sida veronicifolia/Sida Varma) | Strengthening, aphrodisiac, nervine tonic; similar properties to Bala, used for debility and Vata disorders. |
| Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea) | Astringent, styptic, aromatic, anti-inflammatory; used for bleeding disorders (piles, menorrhagia), cough, digestive issues, and as a perfume. |
| Narikela (Cocos nucifera) / Coconut | Fruit is cooling, nutritive, diuretic. Oil is used for hair and skin (cooling, moisturizing). Water is highly rehydrating and rich in electrolytes. |
| Nimba (Azadirachta indica) / Neem | Potent antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, blood purifier, bitter tonic, febrifuge; used for all types of skin diseases, fever, dental care, diabetes, and as an insecticide. |
| Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) | Potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, nervine tonic, vermifuge; used for joint pain, headache, sinusitis, cough, wounds, and skin diseases. |
| Palasha (Butea monosperma) / Flame-of-the-forest | Anthelmintic, astringent, aphrodisiac; flowers used for liver disorders and as a dye. Seeds are anthelmintic. Gum is astringent. |
| Palandu (Allium cepa) / Onion | Expectorant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, stimulant; used for colds, cough, asthma, urinary problems, and as a food. |
| Panasa (Artocarpus heterophyllus) / Jackfruit | Fruit is nutritious and bulk-forming. Seeds and other parts have various medicinal uses. |
| Paribhadra (Erythrina variegata) | Anthelmintic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory; leaves and bark used for worms, fever, joint pain, and earache. |
| Parpata/Parpataka (Fumaria indica/parviflora) | Febrifuge, bitter tonic, diuretic, blood purifier, diaphoretic; used for fever, skin diseases, liver disorders, and burning sensation. |
| Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens/chelonoides) | Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, bitter tonic; root bark is part of Dashamula, used for Vata disorders, edema, and respiratory conditions. |
| Patha (Cissampelos pareira) | Bitter tonic, febrifuge, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, emmenagogue; used for fever, urinary disorders, digestive issues, diarrhea, and menstrual problems. |
| Pathyadi Kwath (A classical formulation) | Used for headaches, migraines, sinusitis, and eye/ear/nose/throat disorders. (A polyherbal decoction). |
| Patola (Trichosanthes dioica) / Pointed Gourd | Laxative, febrifuge, blood purifier, cardiac tonic; fruit and leaves used for skin diseases, fever, liver disorders, and improving digestion. |
| Pippali (Piper longum) / Long Pepper | Potent digestive stimulant (Deepana, Pachana), expectorant, bioavailability enhancer (Yogavahi), rejuvenative (Rasayana), aphrodisiac; used for indigestion, anorexia, cough, asthma, respiratory disorders, and as a component of Trikatu. |
| Plaksha (Ficus lacor/tsjahela) | Astringent, anti-inflammatory; bark used in skin diseases, bleeding disorders, and ulcers. |
| Prasarini (Paederia foetida) | Anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, nervine tonic; specifically used for Vata disorders like arthritis, sciatica, paralysis, and joint stiffness. |
| Prishniparni (Uraria picta) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiotonic, expectorant; root is part of Dashamula, used for Vata disorders, cough, and heart conditions. |
| Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla) | Astringent, cooling, hemostatic; used for skin diseases, bleeding disorders, diarrhea, and as a cosmetic. |
| Puga (Areca catechu) / Areca Nut / Betel Nut | Astringent, stimulant, anthelmintic, carminative; used as a masticatory. (Used with caution, can be habit-forming and has health risks with long-term use). |
| Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) | Potent diuretic, anti-inflammatory, rejuvenative (especially for kidneys and liver), cardiotonic; used for edema (swelling), kidney and liver disorders, arthritis, anemia, and ascites. |
| Pushkaramula (Inula racemosa) | Potent expectorant, bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiotonic; specifically used for asthma, bronchitis, cough, pleurisy, and chest pain (angina). |
| Putikaranja (Caesalpinia crista) | Febrifuge, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory; seeds and leaves used for fever, worms, colic, and skin diseases. |
| Rajata Bhasma (Silver Ash) | Nervine tonic, rejuvenative, aphrodisiac; specially processed silver used for neurological disorders, memory, debility. (Used under expert guidance). |
| Raktachandana (Pterocarpus santalinus) / Red Sandalwood | Cooling, anti-inflammatory, astringent, blood purifier; used externally for skin diseases, inflammation, burns, and headaches. Internally for bleeding disorders. |
| Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata or Alpinia galanga) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-rheumatic; used for arthritis, joint pain, sciatica, and other Vata disorders. (Identity can vary by region). |
| Ratnagarbha Pottali Rasa (A herbo-mineral formulation) | Used as a rejuvenator and for chronic diseases. (Complex preparation, expert guidance needed). |
| Rudraksha (Elaeocarpus ganitrus) | Beads traditionally used for calming the mind, managing blood pressure, stress, and for spiritual purposes. |
| Sahachara (Barleria prionitis / Strobilanthes ciliatus) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-rheumatic; specifically used for Vata disorders like sciatica, joint pain, and lumbar spondylosis. |
| Saindhava Lavana (Rock Salt) | Aids digestion, balances electrolytes, considered less Pitta-aggravating than sea salt in Ayurveda. Used in cooking and for gargling. |
| Sarala (Pinus roxburghii) / Chir Pine | Resin (Gandha Biroja) and oil (Turpentine oil) are used for respiratory conditions, joint pain, and as a rubefacient. |
| Sariva/Anantamul (Hemidesmus indicus) / Indian Sarsaparilla | Potent blood purifier, cooling, diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative; used for skin diseases, urinary disorders, fever, gout, and syphilis. |
| Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina) | Potent antihypertensive, sedative, tranquilizer; root used for high blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, and certain mental disorders. (Used with extreme caution and under strict medical supervision due to strong effects and potential side effects). |
| Sarshapa (Brassica juncea/nigra) / Mustard | Stimulant, digestive, rubefacient; seeds and oil used. Oil is warming and used for massage in Vata conditions. Seeds used as a spice. |
| Shati (Hedychium spicatum) / Spiked Ginger Lily | Expectorant, anti-inflammatory, carminative, analgesic; rhizome used for cough, asthma, bronchitis, pain, and indigestion. |
| Shatapushpa (Anethum sowa / Foeniculum vulgare) / Dill or Fennel | Carminative, digestive, galactagogue, emmenagogue; used for digestive issues (bloating, gas), promoting lactation, and regulating menstruation. |
| Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) | Premier female reproductive tonic, galactagogue, adaptogen, nutritive, cooling, demulcent, aphrodisiac; used for hormonal balance, infertility, menopause symptoms, increasing breast milk, gastric ulcers, and general debility. |
| Shigru (Moringa oleifera) / Drumstick Tree / Horseradish Tree | Highly nutritious (leaves, pods, seeds), potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulator; used for malnutrition, joint pain, edema, boosting immunity, and purifying water. |
| Shilajit (Asphaltum punjabianum) / Mineral Pitch | Potent rejuvenator (Rasayana), aphrodisiac, adaptogen, rich in fulvic acid and minerals; used for general debility, diabetes, urinary disorders, boosting immunity, improving stamina, and anti-aging. |
| Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck) | Anti-toxic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory; bark and seeds used for allergies, asthma, skin diseases, and poisoning. |
| Shringataka (Trapa natans/bispinosa) / Water Chestnut | Nutritious, cooling, astringent; fruit is eaten. |
| Shuddha Guggulu (Purified Commiphora mukul) | Purified form of Guggulu, enhancing its anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and weight-reducing properties. |
| Shunthi (Zingiber officinale) / Ginger (Dry) | Potent digestive (Deepana, Pachana), carminative, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anti-emetic; more heating than fresh ginger. Used for indigestion, nausea, colds, cough, joint pain, and menstrual cramps. |
| Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia/antiquorum) / Milk Hedge | Strong purgative, expectorant; latex is highly irritant and used with extreme caution (often externally or after purification) for skin diseases, warts, constipation, and ascites. |
| Somalata (Sarcostemma acidum/Ephedra gerardiana) / Soma | Traditionally used as a stimulant and for respiratory ailments. (Ephedra species contain ephedrine and are restricted/controlled in many places). |
| Sthulaela (Amomum subulatum) / Black Cardamom | Carminative, digestive stimulant, aromatic; used for indigestion, respiratory ailments, and as a spice. |
| Sudarshana (Crinum latifolium) | Febrifuge, diaphoretic; leaves used for fever. |
| Sunishannaka (Marsilea minuta/quadrifolia) | Vegetable with cooling properties; used in nervous disorders. |
| Surana (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) / Elephant Foot Yam | Carminative, digestive, used for piles, indigestion, and liver disorders. (Corm needs proper preparation to remove acridity). |
| Swarna Bhasma (Incinerated Gold Ash) | Premier rejuvenator (Rasayana), immunomodulator, nervine tonic, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac; specially processed gold used in minute doses for chronic illnesses, debility, improving memory and immunity. (Used under expert guidance). |
| Svetasariva (Decalepis hamiltonii) | Alternative to Hemidesmus indicus (Sariva), with similar blood purifying and cooling properties. |
| Syonaka/Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum) | Anti-inflammatory, bitter tonic, astringent, digestive; root bark is part of Dashamula, used for Vata disorders, diarrhea, and respiratory conditions. |
| Tagara (Valeriana wallichii/jatamansi) | Potent sedative, nervine tonic, antispasmodic; used for insomnia, anxiety, stress, hysteria, and as a muscle relaxant. |
| Talisapatra (Abies webbiana/spectabilis) | Expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive; leaves used for cough, asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis, and common cold. |
| Tamalaki (Phyllanthus niruri/fraternus/amarus) / Bhumyamalaki | Potent hepatoprotective, antiviral, diuretic, anti-inflammatory; whole plant used for liver disorders (jaundice, hepatitis), kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. |
| Tambula (Piper betle) / Betel Leaf | Stimulant, carminative, antiseptic, mild aphrodisiac; leaves chewed as a mouth freshener, digestive aid, and for their stimulant properties. |
| Tankana Bhasma (Purified Borax Ash) | Antiseptic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory; used for cough, bronchitis, sore throat, and externally for skin infections. (Used in specific Ayurvedic preparations). |
| Taruni (Rosa centifolia) / Rose | Cooling, astringent, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac; petals used for skin health, eye problems, constipation, and as a flavoring/perfuming agent (Rose water, Gulkand). |
| Tila (Sesamum indicum) / Sesame | Highly nutritious (seeds), oil is warming, demulcent, emollient, and good for Vata; seeds used for general strength, oil for massage, skin and hair health. |
| Tinduka (Diospyros peregrina/malabarica) / Gaub Persimmon | Astringent, styptic; unripe fruit and bark used for diarrhea, dysentery, and bleeding disorders. |
| Trikatu (A classical formulation) | Combination of Shunthi (Dry Ginger), Maricha (Black Pepper), and Pippali (Long Pepper); potent digestive stimulant, carminative, expectorant, bioavailability enhancer. Used for indigestion, low Agni, respiratory congestion. |
| Triphala (A classical formulation) | Combination of Amalaki, Haritaki, and Bibhitaki; tridoshic (balances all three doshas), potent antioxidant, rejuvenative, mild laxative, improves digestion, eye health, and detoxification. |
| Trivrit (Operculina turpethum) | Strong purgative; root used for constipation, abdominal distension, worms, and detoxification. (Used with caution). |
| Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum/tenuiflorum) / Holy Basil | Sacred herb, potent adaptogen, immunomodulator, expectorant, febrifuge, antiseptic, antioxidant; used for colds, cough, fever, stress, respiratory infections, boosting immunity, and purifying the environment. |
| Udumbara (Ficus racemosa/glomerata) / Cluster Fig | Astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic; bark, fruit, and latex used for bleeding disorders, skin diseases, diabetes, and diarrhea. |
| Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides) / Vetiver / Khus | Extremely cooling, febrifuge, calming, diaphoretic, blood purifier; root used for burning sensation, fever, skin diseases, excessive thirst, and urinary problems. Also used in perfumes and incense. |
| Utpala (Nymphaea stellata/nouchali) / Blue Water Lily / Blue Lotus | Cooling, demulcent, astringent, cardiotonic; flowers used for bleeding disorders, burning sensation, diarrhea, and as a nervine tonic. |
| Vamsha (Bambusa arundinacea) / Bamboo | Manna (Vanshalochana – siliceous secretion) is expectorant, nutritive, aphrodisiac, febrifuge. Used for cough, respiratory problems, general debility, and bone health. Leaves and shoots also have uses. |
| Varuna (Crataeva nurvala/magna) | Diuretic, lithotriptic (helps break kidney/urinary stones), anti-inflammatory; bark used for kidney stones, urinary tract infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and gout. |
| Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox/species) / Monkshood | Highly toxic, used only after extensive purification (Shodhana) and in minute doses by experts; potent analgesic, anti-pyretic, diaphoretic. (Extreme caution required). |
| Vidanga (Embelia ribes) | Potent anthelmintic (expels intestinal worms, especially tapeworms), carminative, mild laxative, alterative; used for intestinal worms, indigestion, skin diseases, and constipation. |
| Vidari/Vidarikanda (Pueraria tuberosa) / Indian Kudzu | Nutritive, rejuvenative (Rasayana), galactagogue, aphrodisiac, demulcent, cardiotonic; tuberous root used for general debility, to improve lactation, strength, and sexual vigor, and for respiratory and urinary issues. |
| Vijaya (Cannabis sativa) / Bhanga / Hemp | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, nervine sedative, anti-emetic, appetite stimulant. (Used with extreme caution, under strict legal and medical supervision where permitted, due to psychoactive properties and legal restrictions). |
| Vrikshamla (Garcinia indica/cambogia) / Kokum / Garcinia | Appetizer, digestive, anti-obesity (due to HCA), cooling, anti-inflammatory; fruit rind used in culinary preparations and for weight management, hyperacidity. |
| Vruddhadaru (Argyreia nervosa/speciosa) / Elephant Creeper | Rejuvenative, aphrodisiac, nervine tonic, anti-inflammatory. (Seeds can have psychoactive properties and are used with caution). Root used for Vata disorders. |
| Yava (Hordeum vulgare) / Barley | Nutritious, cooling, diuretic, easily digestible; good for digestion, urinary problems, fever, and as a light food during illness. |
| Yavani (Trachyspermum ammi) / Ajwain / Bishop’s Weed | Potent carminative, antispasmodic, digestive stimulant, antiseptic, expectorant; seeds used for indigestion, bloating, colic, flatulence, colds, cough, and asthma. |
| Yavakshara (Potassium carbonate from Barley) | Alkaline, diuretic, digestive, used for abdominal distension, urinary stones, and as an ingredient in some formulations. |